Plato s Republic The Nature Of A Just Individual And...

Plato’s Republic primarily discusses the relationship between the nature of a just individual and the just city, and how their three distinct components should be balanced with respect to each other. In The Republic, people are sorted into classes (producers, auxiliaries, guardians) according to which part of their soul motivates or rules them. The appetitive part is described as money-loving and gain-loving, and its principal concerns are the pleasures of food, drink, and sex (439d). The spirited part is honor-loving and focuses on the pleasures of competition, with doing what is noble and avoiding what is base. The reasoning part is wisdom-loving and is â€Å"entirely directed at every moment towards knowing the truth of things† (581b). Plato puts forth the notion that within just individual and the just city, these three parts should be balanced with respect to each other such that the rational and reasoning part of ultimately prevails and rules, while the spirited p art supports and maintains this order, and the appetitive part obediently submits. Since the goal of Platonic education is to produce philosophers, this necessitates the need to know how best to bring people whose primary desires may be for food or drink, or for good reputation, to the state where their primary desires are for wisdom and truth. In particular, Plato argues that such an education should be focused on properly orienting a person such that they ultimately strive to look for and seek out the originalShow MoreRelatedIdeal State1366 Words   |  6 PagesTuÄŸÃ §e ArÄ ±kan Essay Question: Explain Plato’s ideal state by referring to the Republic, book IV and VII. To what extent do you agree with Plato’s idea that the kings should be philosophers? Why? Why not? Concept of create an ideal state really need to long effort and time. This concept and long standing debate that how should be an ideal state is explains in Plato’s Republic book IV and VII. In Republic, Plato explains the features of an ideal state and he claims that the kings should be philosophersRead MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 Pagesis a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, and genuine respect for people. (Oxford Dictionary, â€Å"Justice†) Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. However, justice is polymorphic; depending on eras and civilizations also differing in every culture. Although there some principles of justice that can be found to be almost universal. An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. PlatoRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Arist otle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreCivility644 Words   |  3 Pagesi.e. optimism for the betterment of society. Plato in The Republic speaks about the ideal virtues of the soul and Davetian goes on to tell us the current problems with American civility. I think what we can take from both readings is a sense that human intellect and virtue can and will ultimately lead us to a better society. To fully understand the basic concepts of societal values that should be understood, and in turn followed, The Republic (Plato, Reprinted 1985) is an important piece of literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Republic And George Orwell s 1984 Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesPLS 325 Ancient Political Theory Dr. Shu-Shan Lee First term paper Sagynysh Yeltayeva 25/10/2015 Plato’s â€Å"Republic† and George Orwell’s â€Å"1984†: two sides of one medal Plato’s â€Å"Republic† and Orwell’s â€Å"1984† represent two imaginary engineered societies. â€Å"Republic† is an utopia, in which Plato describes the goal of the city, which is to be as happy as possible, even if it requires a sacrifice of a particular group’s happiness or individual’s one . Orwell’s â€Å"1984† influenced by the outcome of the WorldRead MoreThe Tripartite Theory Of The Soul1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. In the Republic, Plato (using the character â€Å"Socrates† as his mouthpiece) introduces this theory and claims that the soul contains three constituent elements: the appetitive, the rational, and the spirited parts. These three separate elements of the soul are organized in a hierarchy with reason being the superior of the two and spirit being the most inferior (Republic 439d and 441a-b). In a just soul, Plato claims, the three elements of theRead MoreInterview With Plato: . Question: What Important Questions1345 Words   |  6 PagesInterview With Plato: Question: What important questions does The Republic attempt to answer? Answer: The dialogue explores two central questions. The first question is â€Å"what is justice?† Socrates addresses this question both in terms of political communities and in terms of the individual person or soul. He does this to address the second and driving question of the dialogue: â€Å"is the just person happier than the unjust person?† or â€Å"what is the relation of justice to happiness?† Given the twoRead MoreAthens : The Best Form Of Politics891 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most powerful Greek city-states around. Before its demise during the Peloponnesian War, Athenians strongly believed their government was the superior of all and should have been emulated by any state that wanted to be considered a successful society. However, Athenian democracy was not able to withstand the test of time and eventually crumbled as a city. During the height of its success, Athens exemplifies a political paradigm for other societies to imitate. Both Plato and Thucydides argue democracyRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 Pages1) (From the Republic Book VII) WHY SHOULD THE PHILOSOPHER RULE? EXPLAIN WHY HE IS BEST SUITED TO RULE AND EXPLAIN 2) WHY IT IS A DILEMMA FOR HE TO CHOOSE TO RULE. WHY DOES HE HAVE TO BE COMPELLED AND WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMPULSION? 3) BE SURE TO COMMENT ON HOW THIS QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE ANSWER PLATO ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT TO GLAUCONS CHALLENGE? Part 1 In Plato’s Republic, Plato sets out to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust. Doing so requires him to lookRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s The Ring Of Gyges 1510 Words   |  7 Pagesif you had a magic ring like the ring of Gyges (Republic, 359d)? Why be just or moral? Develop the complete answer of Socrates in Plato s Republic, through 449a. Then consider whether Plato s Socrates in The Apology would answer in a way that was any different, in substance or in tone. Your own opinion is worth a page of so, but focus on the argument of Plato s Socrates. When Glaucon attempts to argue that no difference exists between the just and unjust man, he tells the tale of the Ring

Skakespeare and his style of writing - 2373 Words

Shakespeare’s plays are a product of the Elizabethan theatrical context in which they were first performed. A lot of pressure was put on Shakespeare as he wrote his plays because he was not allowed to upset the royal family. His style would have been different than others in those times and a lot more thought has gone into his writing than people listening would think. Usually, the audience take for granted the cleverness and thought of Shakespeare’s writing, however, now we have studied and gone into great detail about Shakespeare’s writing, we can appreciate it more than they did: The Globe Theatre was where Shakespeare had most of his plays performed. It had many decorations to make it look appealing and to try and to make it seem†¦show more content†¦For example, they say â€Å"Bernado,† and â€Å"Holla Barnado† and â€Å"Say – what, is Horatio there?† He also cunningly tells us the people in the play are: â€Å"And liegeman to the Dane†, â€Å"the rivals of my watch† and â€Å"Friends to the ground†. This tells us that Horatio and Marcellus are the â€Å"good guys† and it also tells us their role in the play – the watch. Also, Shakespeare sets the scene. Dialogue has to compensate for the lack of real night time. He does this by using dialogue like: â€Å"Tis now struck twelve† and â€Å" Who’s there?† â€Å"Stand and unfold yourself†, and â€Å"Give you good night.† He also tells us what the night is like, â€Å"Tis bitter cold,† and â€Å"Not a mouse stirring.† This all tells us that the night is cold, quiet, just gone twelve and nothing much is happening, without the use of real darkness. Shakespeare also uses hidden stage directions for the actors’ sake, for instance, Barnado says â€Å"Get thee to bed Francisco† which is really telling the actor to leave the stage. Shakespeare also says â€Å"Barnado hath my place. Give you good night† which tells the other actors that he will be leaving the stage. This also tells the audience that Barnado is taking over his place from then on. Barnado also says, â€Å"Sit down a while† then Horatio says â€Å"Well, sit we down† which means that they should sit down. Furthermore, Shakespeare will use the actors as narrators. They would tell the audience what is happening, but at the same time they would be playing their part in the play. For

MBA Admissionss Interest in Business Manag Essay Example For Students

MBA Admissionss Interest in Business Manag Essay ement MBA College Admissions Essays MBA Admissions Essays My Interest in Business Management I am very interested in studying a business management course with the addition of legal and financial studies. From a young age I have always had a keen interest in monetary matters and have also been intrigued by legal systems and how they work. I feel that combining one or both of these interests with business management will give me a sound footing to launch a career from in either legal or financial business sectors. I am confident within myself and find communication with others easy. I want to study at university to deepen my understanding of the knowledge and skills I already have. I am currently on a gap year scheme called Year in Industry in which I have a years work placement with Centrax, an aerospace company based in Newton Abbot. This placement is giving me invaluable knowledge as to how industry really works, and has enabled me to learn how to work properly as part of a team and how to reach a common goal. I have been given a project to make the company paperless. This involves studying workflow and analyzing current systems of work. There is a good chance that I will gain sponsorship from my company for university. In my spare time I enjoy keeping fit. I go to the gym and play sports including tennis and football. I am keen on all aspects of modern technology and can program fluently in Delphi. Whilst at school I had percussion lessons and I reached grade 4 standard, I was also on the student council. However towards the end of school I suffered a serious illness which forced me to miss a large amount of my final 2 years. Despite missing much of those final 2 years I still achieved more than enough GCSE A to C grades to get into the college course I desired. I have now made a full recovery. In the future I would like to see my self working in such areas as the stock exchange or a business focusing on legal issues, such as contracts as this would interest me a great deal. .

Rebellion Against Higher Authority free essay sample

Paragraph Response Rebellion against higher authority has a big influence on the thoughts and actions of the two main characters in George Orwells novel, â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four†. The main characters, Winston and Julia, both get pleasure in rebelling because of the harsh oppression that their government institutes. Winston and Julia both rebel, but to different extents. Winston risks everything in his life while rebelling, because he is desperate to know why the government, also known as The Party, has executed such power over their town of Oceania. Julia, on the other hand, rebels only to gain pleasure, live in the moment, and have freedom from The Party. Winston feels very strongly about how the government runs. Even though he could be killed by the Thought Police, Winston risks thinking about how hope lies in the proles, stating that, â€Å"in those swarming disregarded masses, could the force to destroy the party ever be generated. We will write a custom essay sample on Rebellion Against Higher Authority or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Orwell 72). Even thinking a thought like that, he could lose everything he owns, but he is so against the government that he is willing to take that risk. Winston cares more about the large-scale social issues, rather than the smaller, easy to be broken rules, like Julia. Julia also feels strongly against the party, but to a lesser degree. She takes risks only to gain pleasure from breaking the small rules, like having relations with Winston, who thinks she is a serious follower of the government. â€Å"Its this bloody thing that does it, she said, ripping off the scarlet sash of the Junior Anti-Sex League and flinging it onto a bough. † (127). This shows how effortlessly she can rebel against the Party whose routine she pretends to religiously follow. Secondly, she enjoys stealing food from members of The Inner Party, like real chocolate, and coffee, which leaves Winston in awe. â€Å"How did you manage to get hold of all these things? Its all Inner Party stuff. Theres nothing those swine dont have, nothing. † (147). This proves how Julia enjoys being rebellious towards the party when it comes to breaking the small rules. Lastly, Julia pretends to enjoy Big Brothers rules of living, but really, she tries to hide her laughter while they do their routine Two Minute Hate which proves your patriotism towards The Party. She also stirred a sort of heavy envy in him by telling him that during the Two Minutes Hate her great difficulty was to avoid bursting out laughing. † (160). This final act of rebellion shows that Julia is careless and wants the freedom of having no government ruling her life. Julia is rebelling solely for the purpose of having the freedom of living without the power of the government watching over her ev ery move, every day. Winston and Julia both rebel towards the higher authority in Oceania, but to different extents. Winston has taken a more serious commitment to see that the government gets overthrown, like involving himself with members of the anti-party, or committing a thought crime by writing in his diary with negative thoughts regarding the Party. In Julias case, she just wants to get pleasure from breaking a few smaller rules, like having a relation with a man, or stealing food from members of the Inner Party of the government. This shows that the government has installed so many rules to control your life, that people have no freedom and are forced to start a rebellion in order to enjoy their life.

New Businesses of the 1920 essays

New Businesses of the 1920 essays After World War I many nations where economically defeated. Germany and Japan inparticular, struggled with their economy. The United States was one of the few nations that flourished during this period (Groner 273-275). There was an explosion of new businesses in the 1920s, mostly in the industries of transportation, entertainment and retail sales. World War I was the first war in which airplanes were used. They were first flown for observation, but later began to engage in bombing and aerial duels (Baughman 87). After the war people began to realize the many uses of airplanes. Many airlines that had their beginnings in the 1920s started out carrying mail but then switched over to the growing business of passenger flights (Mattera 483-484). One of the first airlines was Douglas Airlines. It was started by Donald Douglas in Santa Monica, CA (Aviation Resource Center 3). Although it is not operating under that name any longer, it paved the way for the many airlines to come. Another big airline was American Airlines. It was started by a few Wall Street financiers who accumulated a couple of airline companies and combined them (Mattera 496). Delta Airlines also had its beginnings in the 1920s. Delta started out as a crop-dusting operation in Louisiana. When they switched over to mail and passengers flights, they dom inated the Southeast (Mattera 497). Juan Trippe, a twenty-four year old from New York bought nine flying boats that the U.S. Navy was going to scrap and established Pan American Airlines (Mattera 499). Another huge airline in the 1920s that is still around today is Trans World Airline. TWA had its start in 1926 as Western Air Express. With all the rising air companies there was a need for production of the airplanes themselves. That is where Pratt and Whitney Corporation filled the need. In 1925 they began their business of building aircraft engines in C ...

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution If you went back in time and looked at the first, unremarkable prehistoric sharks of the Ordovician periodabout 420 million years agoyou might never guess that their descendants would become such dominant creatures, holding their own against vicious marine reptiles like pliosaurs and mosasaurs and going on to become the apex predators of the worlds oceans. Today, few creatures in the world inspire as much fear as the Great White Shark, the closest nature has come to a pure killing machineif you exclude Megalodon, which was 10 times bigger. Before discussing shark evolution, though, its important to define what we mean by shark. Technically, sharks are a suborder of fish whose skeletons are made out of cartilage rather than bone; sharks are also distinguished by their streamlined, hydrodynamic shapes, sharp teeth, and sandpaper-like skin. Frustratingly for paleontologists, skeletons made of cartilage dont persist in the fossil record nearly as well as skeletons made of bonewhich is why so many prehistoric sharks are known primarily (if not exclusively) by their fossilized teeth. The First Sharks We dont have much in the way of direct evidence, except for a handful of fossilized scales, but the first sharks are believed to have evolved during the Ordovician period, about 420 million years ago (to put this into perspective, the first tetrapods didnt crawl up out of the sea until 400 million years ago). The most important genus that has left significant fossil evidence is the difficult-to-pronounce Cladoselache, numerous specimens of which have been found in the American midwest. As you might expect in such an early shark, Cladoselache was fairly small, and it had some odd, non-shark-like characteristicssuch as a paucity of scales (except for small areas around its mouth and eyes) and a complete lack of claspers, the sexual organ by which male sharks attach themselves (and transfer sperm to) the females. After Cladoselache, the most important prehistoric sharks of ancient times were Stethacanthus, Orthacanthus, and Xenacanthus. Stethacanthus measured only six feet from snout to tail but already boasted the full array  of shark features: scales, sharp teeth, a distinctive fin structure, and a sleek, hydrodynamic build. What set this genus apart were the bizarre, ironing-board-like structures atop the backs of males, which were probably somehow used during mating. The equally ancient Stethacanthus and Orthacanthus were both fresh-water sharks, distinguished by their small size, eel-like bodies, and odd spikes protruding from the tops of their heads (which may have delivered jabs of poison to bothersome predators). The Sharks of the Mesozoic Era Considering how common they were during the preceding geologic periods, sharks kept a relatively low profile during most of the Mesozoic Era,  because of intense competition from marine  reptiles like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. By far the most successful genus was Hybodus, which was built for survival: this prehistoric shark had two types of teeth, sharp ones for eating fish and flat ones for grinding mollusks, as well as a sharp blade jutting out of its dorsal fin to keep other predators at bay. The cartilaginous skeleton of Hybodus was unusually tough and calcified, explaining this sharks persistence both in the fossil record and in the worlds oceans, which it prowled from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous periods. Prehistoric sharks really came into their own during the middle Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago. Both Cretoxyrhina (about 25 feet long) and Squalicorax (about 15 feet long) would be recognizable as true sharks by a modern observer; in fact, theres direct tooth-mark evidence that Squalicorax preyed on dinosaurs that blundered into its habitat. Perhaps the most surprising shark from the Cretaceous period is the recently discovered Ptychodus, a 30-foot-long monster whose numerous, flat teeth were adapted to grinding up tiny mollusks, rather than large fish or aquatic reptiles. After the Mesozoic After the dinosaurs (and their aquatic cousins) went extinct 65 million years ago, prehistoric sharks were free to complete their slow evolution into the remorseless killing machines we know today. Frustratingly, the fossil evidence for the sharks of the Miocene epoch (for example) consists almost exclusively of teeththousands and thousands of teeth, so many that you can buy yourself one on the open market for a fairly modest price. The Great White-sized Otodus, for example, is known almost exclusively by its teeth, from which paleontologists have reconstructed this fearsome, 30-foot-long shark. By far the most famous prehistoric shark of the Cenozoic Era  was Megalodon, adult specimens of which measured 70 feet from head to tail and weighed as much as 50 tons. Megalodon was a true apex predator of the worlds oceans, feasting on everything from whales, dolphins, and seals to giant fish and (presumably) equally giant squids; for a few million years, it may even have preyed on the equally ginormous whale Leviathan. No one knows why this monster went extinct about two million years ago; the most likely candidates include climate change and the resulting disappearance of its usual prey.

Ernest Rutherford and Nuclear Physics contributions Research Paper

Ernest Rutherford and Nuclear Physics contributions - Research Paper Example His father was a wheelwright, his mother a schoolteacher (Campbell). He moved once or twice, though staying in New Zealand the entire time, and attending different schools when he moved (Campbell). Though Ernest as a boy liked tinkering with clocks, and loved to make models of the wheels that were used in the mills, he did not show any real passion for science during childhood (Mahanti, 2011). Most of his education came through the winning of scholarships, first to Nelson College in 1889, then on to Canterbury College at the University of New Zealand, where he first developed an interest in electrical science, running experiments that would determine whether or not iron was magnetic at a high magnetizing frequency (Campbell). After failing in three attempts to secure a teaching position after university, and briefly considering medicine, he took odd jobs tutoring students to help make ends meet while continuing to experiment in electrical science. In 1895 he won a scholarship to Camb ridge University to work with instructor J.J. Thomson (Campbell). Thomson, who was quick to realize Rutherford’s exceptional ability as a researcher as he had already designed several original experiments involving high-frequency, alternating currents, invited him to become a member of the team to study of the electrical conduction of gases. The pair soon became not only researcher and student but also good friends, and Rutherford was able to take Thomson’s theories and improve on them, breaking the ground to make a lasting impression on nuclear physics today. Rutherford developed several ingenious techniques to study the mechanism Thomson was using, whereby normally insulating gases became electrical conductors. In studying this matter, Rutherford commented that when a high voltage is applied across them, a clear view was given of the mechanism of the transport of electricity through the gases by the means of charged ions (Rutherford 1904). He also worked jointly with Thomson on the behavior of the ions observed in gases that had been treated with X-rays (a recent discovery), as well as the mobility of ions in relation to the strength of the electric field. It did not hurt in any way that Thomson was the one to discover that the â€Å"atom†, then known as the smallest unit of matter, was not in fact the smallest, but made up of even smaller particles, giving yet another area of interest for Rutherford to experiment with (Mahanti, 2011). When the Macdonald Chair of Physics at McGill University in Montreal became vacant in 1898, Rutherford left for Canada to take up the post. He promptly made a name for himself by discovering the element of radon, a chemically inactive but extremely radioactive gas (Campbell). While at McGill, he also did the work that gained him the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry by demonstrating that radioactivity was the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. With the help of a young chemist, Frederick Soddy, he began to un ravel the mysteries of radioactivity and contributed directly to nuclear physics as we know it today by proving that some heavier radioactive elements spontaneously decay into slightly lighter atoms (Mahanti, 2011). In this, Rutherford noticed that in a sample of radioactive material, it invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay - its â€Å"