New Businesses of the 1920 essays

New Businesses of the 1920 essays After World War I many nations where economically defeated. Germany and Japan inparticular, struggled with their economy. The United States was one of the few nations that flourished during this period (Groner 273-275). There was an explosion of new businesses in the 1920s, mostly in the industries of transportation, entertainment and retail sales. World War I was the first war in which airplanes were used. They were first flown for observation, but later began to engage in bombing and aerial duels (Baughman 87). After the war people began to realize the many uses of airplanes. Many airlines that had their beginnings in the 1920s started out carrying mail but then switched over to the growing business of passenger flights (Mattera 483-484). One of the first airlines was Douglas Airlines. It was started by Donald Douglas in Santa Monica, CA (Aviation Resource Center 3). Although it is not operating under that name any longer, it paved the way for the many airlines to come. Another big airline was American Airlines. It was started by a few Wall Street financiers who accumulated a couple of airline companies and combined them (Mattera 496). Delta Airlines also had its beginnings in the 1920s. Delta started out as a crop-dusting operation in Louisiana. When they switched over to mail and passengers flights, they dom inated the Southeast (Mattera 497). Juan Trippe, a twenty-four year old from New York bought nine flying boats that the U.S. Navy was going to scrap and established Pan American Airlines (Mattera 499). Another huge airline in the 1920s that is still around today is Trans World Airline. TWA had its start in 1926 as Western Air Express. With all the rising air companies there was a need for production of the airplanes themselves. That is where Pratt and Whitney Corporation filled the need. In 1925 they began their business of building aircraft engines in C ...

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution If you went back in time and looked at the first, unremarkable prehistoric sharks of the Ordovician periodabout 420 million years agoyou might never guess that their descendants would become such dominant creatures, holding their own against vicious marine reptiles like pliosaurs and mosasaurs and going on to become the apex predators of the worlds oceans. Today, few creatures in the world inspire as much fear as the Great White Shark, the closest nature has come to a pure killing machineif you exclude Megalodon, which was 10 times bigger. Before discussing shark evolution, though, its important to define what we mean by shark. Technically, sharks are a suborder of fish whose skeletons are made out of cartilage rather than bone; sharks are also distinguished by their streamlined, hydrodynamic shapes, sharp teeth, and sandpaper-like skin. Frustratingly for paleontologists, skeletons made of cartilage dont persist in the fossil record nearly as well as skeletons made of bonewhich is why so many prehistoric sharks are known primarily (if not exclusively) by their fossilized teeth. The First Sharks We dont have much in the way of direct evidence, except for a handful of fossilized scales, but the first sharks are believed to have evolved during the Ordovician period, about 420 million years ago (to put this into perspective, the first tetrapods didnt crawl up out of the sea until 400 million years ago). The most important genus that has left significant fossil evidence is the difficult-to-pronounce Cladoselache, numerous specimens of which have been found in the American midwest. As you might expect in such an early shark, Cladoselache was fairly small, and it had some odd, non-shark-like characteristicssuch as a paucity of scales (except for small areas around its mouth and eyes) and a complete lack of claspers, the sexual organ by which male sharks attach themselves (and transfer sperm to) the females. After Cladoselache, the most important prehistoric sharks of ancient times were Stethacanthus, Orthacanthus, and Xenacanthus. Stethacanthus measured only six feet from snout to tail but already boasted the full array  of shark features: scales, sharp teeth, a distinctive fin structure, and a sleek, hydrodynamic build. What set this genus apart were the bizarre, ironing-board-like structures atop the backs of males, which were probably somehow used during mating. The equally ancient Stethacanthus and Orthacanthus were both fresh-water sharks, distinguished by their small size, eel-like bodies, and odd spikes protruding from the tops of their heads (which may have delivered jabs of poison to bothersome predators). The Sharks of the Mesozoic Era Considering how common they were during the preceding geologic periods, sharks kept a relatively low profile during most of the Mesozoic Era,  because of intense competition from marine  reptiles like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. By far the most successful genus was Hybodus, which was built for survival: this prehistoric shark had two types of teeth, sharp ones for eating fish and flat ones for grinding mollusks, as well as a sharp blade jutting out of its dorsal fin to keep other predators at bay. The cartilaginous skeleton of Hybodus was unusually tough and calcified, explaining this sharks persistence both in the fossil record and in the worlds oceans, which it prowled from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous periods. Prehistoric sharks really came into their own during the middle Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago. Both Cretoxyrhina (about 25 feet long) and Squalicorax (about 15 feet long) would be recognizable as true sharks by a modern observer; in fact, theres direct tooth-mark evidence that Squalicorax preyed on dinosaurs that blundered into its habitat. Perhaps the most surprising shark from the Cretaceous period is the recently discovered Ptychodus, a 30-foot-long monster whose numerous, flat teeth were adapted to grinding up tiny mollusks, rather than large fish or aquatic reptiles. After the Mesozoic After the dinosaurs (and their aquatic cousins) went extinct 65 million years ago, prehistoric sharks were free to complete their slow evolution into the remorseless killing machines we know today. Frustratingly, the fossil evidence for the sharks of the Miocene epoch (for example) consists almost exclusively of teeththousands and thousands of teeth, so many that you can buy yourself one on the open market for a fairly modest price. The Great White-sized Otodus, for example, is known almost exclusively by its teeth, from which paleontologists have reconstructed this fearsome, 30-foot-long shark. By far the most famous prehistoric shark of the Cenozoic Era  was Megalodon, adult specimens of which measured 70 feet from head to tail and weighed as much as 50 tons. Megalodon was a true apex predator of the worlds oceans, feasting on everything from whales, dolphins, and seals to giant fish and (presumably) equally giant squids; for a few million years, it may even have preyed on the equally ginormous whale Leviathan. No one knows why this monster went extinct about two million years ago; the most likely candidates include climate change and the resulting disappearance of its usual prey.

Ernest Rutherford and Nuclear Physics contributions Research Paper

Ernest Rutherford and Nuclear Physics contributions - Research Paper Example His father was a wheelwright, his mother a schoolteacher (Campbell). He moved once or twice, though staying in New Zealand the entire time, and attending different schools when he moved (Campbell). Though Ernest as a boy liked tinkering with clocks, and loved to make models of the wheels that were used in the mills, he did not show any real passion for science during childhood (Mahanti, 2011). Most of his education came through the winning of scholarships, first to Nelson College in 1889, then on to Canterbury College at the University of New Zealand, where he first developed an interest in electrical science, running experiments that would determine whether or not iron was magnetic at a high magnetizing frequency (Campbell). After failing in three attempts to secure a teaching position after university, and briefly considering medicine, he took odd jobs tutoring students to help make ends meet while continuing to experiment in electrical science. In 1895 he won a scholarship to Camb ridge University to work with instructor J.J. Thomson (Campbell). Thomson, who was quick to realize Rutherford’s exceptional ability as a researcher as he had already designed several original experiments involving high-frequency, alternating currents, invited him to become a member of the team to study of the electrical conduction of gases. The pair soon became not only researcher and student but also good friends, and Rutherford was able to take Thomson’s theories and improve on them, breaking the ground to make a lasting impression on nuclear physics today. Rutherford developed several ingenious techniques to study the mechanism Thomson was using, whereby normally insulating gases became electrical conductors. In studying this matter, Rutherford commented that when a high voltage is applied across them, a clear view was given of the mechanism of the transport of electricity through the gases by the means of charged ions (Rutherford 1904). He also worked jointly with Thomson on the behavior of the ions observed in gases that had been treated with X-rays (a recent discovery), as well as the mobility of ions in relation to the strength of the electric field. It did not hurt in any way that Thomson was the one to discover that the â€Å"atom†, then known as the smallest unit of matter, was not in fact the smallest, but made up of even smaller particles, giving yet another area of interest for Rutherford to experiment with (Mahanti, 2011). When the Macdonald Chair of Physics at McGill University in Montreal became vacant in 1898, Rutherford left for Canada to take up the post. He promptly made a name for himself by discovering the element of radon, a chemically inactive but extremely radioactive gas (Campbell). While at McGill, he also did the work that gained him the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry by demonstrating that radioactivity was the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. With the help of a young chemist, Frederick Soddy, he began to un ravel the mysteries of radioactivity and contributed directly to nuclear physics as we know it today by proving that some heavier radioactive elements spontaneously decay into slightly lighter atoms (Mahanti, 2011). In this, Rutherford noticed that in a sample of radioactive material, it invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay - its â€Å"

How the Global Warming Affect the U.S. Economy Essay

How the Global Warming Affect the U.S. Economy - Essay Example of â€Å"Global Warming† on the economy of the United States has draw near to prominently diverse finale concerning the economic effects of global warming. The range of climatic changes including soaring sea levels, regular hurricanes and unfortunate events of excessive weather shift have tremendously affected the infrastructure and the natural atmosphere of US leading the economy towards downward in addition with pushing the government and nation to witness the bursting spectrum of huge costs accrued due to the repeated atmospheric disruption. Novel researches reveal that if the continuation of the present â€Å"climatic changes† occurs than the US has to bear an additional costs which will in turn can soar up to as sky-scraping as 3.5 % of the GDP. As per the experts, the four global warming impacts i.e. hurricane, real estate losses, energy costs, and water costs are estimated to cost approximately 1.8 % of U.S. GDP or by the year 2100 it can increase just about $2.1 trillion annually moreover, the same research reveals that instantaneous implementation of the dynamic â€Å"climate protection policies† may possibly restrict the temperature amplification up to an extent of â€Å"2 °F† and eradicate over 50% of the damage costs. The â€Å"costs† of global warming are identified to have a mass effect on the US economy as alteration in farm output, civic health expenditures and infrastructure losses are some of the monetary consuming effects of â€Å"Global Warming† which comes with well -defined penalties. The estimated damage costs of the largest disaster â€Å"Hurricane Katrina† in the U.S. history is valued at $81.2 billions in addition with a officially claimed death toll of 1,836 and reported missing of more than 1000 people which is absolutely double value of the previous storms witnessed by this great country. The disaster had affected the crops leading to price rise of food items and impacted electric supply leaving nearly 3 million people suffer for the adequate

Ayurvedic Medicine Essay Example for Free

Ayurvedic Medicine Essay Class name Date Introduction Ayurveda, the ancient Sanskrit word (Ayus/living and Veda/revealed wisdom) comes from the traditions of the ancient Indian sages, also known as Rishis. The word â€Å"denotes the enlightened knowledge of all aspects of optimal, healthy, everyday living, and longevity† and, its followers believe Ayurveda to be a â€Å"fortress of wisdom† (Ninivaggi 2008, xvi). Being that the medical practice of Ayurveda goes back as far as 6,000 years, 3,000 of those years recorded and verifiable, it is worth inquiring about why the seemingly successful methodologies and medical practices have not been adopted into the Western framework of scientific medicine. Although Ayurvedic methods and its practitioners are becoming more popular in the United States, with the increased interest by North American patients in preventative and holistic treatments, there appears to be a disconnect about these procedures as validated by providers within North America and our system of payers (i. . , the insurance agencies). As indicated by the Rocky Mountain Institute of Yoga and Ayurveda website, a Boulder, Colorado agency, it was learned that although reimbursements can be found, it often times requires a unique â€Å"system of billing and coding† to ensure payment. There are numerous reports and studies being done that show how Ayurvedic medicine is not just an ancient version of complementary and alternative medicine, but rather these studies demonstrate the validity for support of the treatments. One example of this would be in cancer treatment, there are herbal and traditional medicines that are being studied worldwide to validate their effect on cancer. Alternative and more natural approaches to curing and managing cancers are becoming more popular and common. With the existing regulatory policies and perceptions surrounding Complimentary and Alternative Medicine in the United States, it is my goal to show and provide statistics that will increase awareness and acceptance of the medical wisdom of Ancient Ayurveda. There will be an investigation and explanation showing how Eastern Indian healthcare treatments have been scientifically examined and how they can successfully be adopted into the U. S. healthcare model, via a more global perspective on illness, disease and the prevention of disease from a wellness and holistic approach. Review of Literature The following section summarizes the history of Ayurveda, describes major trends and holes found in the existing research, and explores the evidence both supporting and disproving Ayurveda as a viable and proven healthcare strategy. The History of Ayurveda The concept of Ayurveda was developed sometime around 2500 and 500 BC in India. Ayurveda is rooted in Buddhist and Hindu traditions, but it has been said to connect with Asian medicine (Warrier 2011). Essentially, Ayurveda suggests that the body’s ability to heal itself â€Å"acts through three forces called doshas. These are vata (space and air), pitta (fire and water), and kapha (water and earth)† (Yeager 1998). In order to live a healthy life, these doshas must remain balanced. Typically, Ayurveda is most often used to prevent disease, and has proven beneficial in the treatment of high blood pressure, cholesterol and stress (Yeager 1998). Ayurveda is also helpful in everyday life. Translated, Ayurveda means â€Å"science of life. † This definition is relevant because the ancient Indian system of health care focuses views of man and his illness evolving from the body and its external factors (Yeager 1998). In the present context, the Ayurvedic system of medicine is becoming more widely accepted. It is practiced in India and also in the more economically evolved countries such as Europe, the United States and Japan (Samy, Pushparaj and Gopalakrishnakone 2008). In the mid-1990’s, The World Health Organization also recognized Ayurveda as a system of sophisticated traditional medicine that involved the study of life stimulating observation, and fostering scientific research (Berra and Molho 2010). With the existing and evolving global healthcare crisis that is also currently plaguing the United States (U. S. ), one would believe that an affordable, safe and proven health system so globally recognized would have been able to pass at minimum the test of time but, this is not the case. Although the recent decade has brought about many observations that have added to the scientific credentialing of Ayurveda and other forms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), there are still concerns about the ancient Indian treatment and its scientific validity, this is especially true in the U. S. (Rastogi 2010). â€Å"Before the recent upsurge of traditional medicine in a global perspective, Ayurveda was persistently criticized for its ambiguity and philosophical tenants incomprehensible to occidental mind† (Rastogi 2010, 1). Ayurvedic Research Methods Ayurveda is arguably an under researched topic, as scholarly research did not truly begin until the 1970s. This stunted research can be separated into three distinct categories: the examination of traditional Ayurveda in pre-colonial South Asia, the examination of Ayurveda in colonial and post-colonial times in South Asia, and an examination of Ayurvedic practices outside of South Asia (Warrier 2011). The first wave of Ayurvedic research used treatises written in Sanskrit to decipher the origins of Ayurveda. This research helped to conceptualize and understand the Ayurvedic understanding of the body, health and practice, which heavily differed from other representations during that time (Warrier 2011). The second wave of research showed that Ayurvedic practices were encouraged in India until 1835 when British policy changed. When India gained its independence in 1947, the government took immediate steps to standardize Ayurveda; however, the practice was still poorly funded. The effects of British colonialism and favoritism for biomedical has been long lasting. Current practices of Ayurveda are much of hybrid between the two medical practices (Warrier 2011). The third wave of research focused on the advent of Ayurveda in the West (the United States and the United Kingdom) beginning in the 1980s. Deepak Chopra and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi are cited as influential individuals who popularized Ayurveda in the West. Although Ayurveda became more popular, it was discounted as a â€Å"New Age† fad. The third wave of research largely avoids discussions of healthcare reform, or conversations on the â€Å"legitimacy and authenticity of their [Ayurveda] practice† (Warrier 2011). Ayurvedic research presents additional problems. Firstly, â€Å"It’s difficult to conduct double-blind placebo-controlled trials, [ ], because Ayurveda is a holistic system that treats individuals differently with multiple methods† (Hontz 2004). However, these modern scientific studies often ignore the primary objective of Ayurveda, which is to see patients as individuals in need of unique care. Secondly, the new and emerging research has not been disseminated, and the new textbooks on the practice have not been updated. Because this new wealth of information has not yet made it to professionals or students, it is of little use. Within the study of Ayurveda, numerous scholars are calling for new research methodologies (Baghel 2011). In the past, many studies have focused on the use of the plants and herbs (herbal pharmacology) in Ayurveda. Despite the screening of over 2000 medicinal plants over ten years, no conclusive data emerged. Based on the inconclusive findings, other researchers continued to suggest that Ayurvedic research should address the uses and benefits of plants. This research has led to advances in traditional medicine, such as the use of certain plants when modern medicine is unavailable (Baghel 2011). Currently, Ayurvedic research is concerned with altering the research methodologies, separating itself from traditional scientific practices. Another issue with Ayurvedic research is the translation of terminologies. â€Å"For instance, Vata is not air, Pitta is not fire and Bhasma is not oxide- they have much deeper scientific meaning† (Patwardhan 2009). Because Western scientists fail to grasp the full meaning of certain terms, the scientific research of Ayurveda falls short and its reputation has actually been damaged. These failures concerning Ayurvedic research have resulted in certain consequences. Scientists have simply viewed Ayurveda as a means to bolster modern medicine, rather than a unique practice. In addition, eastern Ayurvedic practices have reached a standstill in the midst of the research and implementation controversies. This has severely paralyzed the Ayurvedic educational system, along with its practice (Patwardhan 2009). Many scholars and practitioners conclude that Ayurveda needs to define itself and establish a universal methodology (Baghel 2011). Unless this occurs, Ayurveda will continue to loose momentum. Scholars have suggested adopting a transnational approach to Ayurveda in order to refocus the research. Evaluating Ayurveda from a transnational perspective means looking at, â€Å"[ ]where personnel, ideas, meanings, symbols, products, and practices are constantly crossing boundaries [ ]† (Warrier 2011). This viewpoint would ideally look at the influence of of local practices on global traditions. The American Healthcare System: Evolution? There is evidence in the U. S. nd throughout the world of a growing demand for alternative healthcare choices, based upon the best practices from varying healthcare models. This demand for options appears to be based on an opinion that any single system of healthcare has its inadequacies and will not be able to solve all contemporary health care needs (Shankar 2010). It is this perhaps this assessment that has brought about the dramatic growth of the Complementary and Alternative movement as well as the awareness and evolution of myriad methods of Integrative Medicine (I. M. ) in the last ten to fifteen years. Luckily for proponents and practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine and research, governments and regulatory bodies appear to have also begun to understand the need for varied approaches to health and wellness with the intent that all new models must also establish their safety, quality and efficacy (Shankar 2010). Agencies such as the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) and The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are just a few of the institutions in the United States that are starting to provide guidance and policy around C. A. M. and I. M. , which is a positive step because without these policies and approvals, there would be no evolutionary progress whatsoever in terms of Ayurveda in delivery in the U. S. Over the past two decades, U. S. mainstream medicine has become more accepting of Ayurveda and other alternative medical practices. â€Å"A widely quoted study in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests that a third of Americans spend $14 billion a year on alternative medical methods† (Perry 1994). Yet much of this money comes from consumers’ pockets. Although the interest in alternative medicine has increased in recent years, it is still difficult to find insurance coverage, but some companies are offering group and individual policies (Dharamsi 2011). Although the coverage is substantial, it is not full coverage. The need for insurance companies to alter their plans is becoming more pressing as the prevalence of Ayurveda increases in the U. S. Despite this acceptance, many questions and controversies remain. Doctors in India and the U. S. are concerned with the standardization of the practice of Ayurveda in the U. S.. In India, practitioners of Ayurveda are required to obtain a Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) degree, which is the equivalent of five and a half years in medical school (Yeager 1998). However, no such lengthy certification exists (or is required) to practice in the United States. This is further problematic because many of the herbs and treatments used in Ayurveda are relatively untested or unregulated. This means that a person seeking Ayurvedic treatment is left with the responsibility to conduct their own research and find a reliable practitioner. In order to mediate this issue, some U. S. medical schools are beginning to offer courses in Ayurveda similar to those seen in India (Swapan 2007). Yet, these courses are seminars and are completed in a matter of days. Ultimately, standardization is also necessary to price services so that they can be covered by insurance conglomerates. Medical scholars are investigating the potential of an integrative medicine (IM) approach (Patwardhan 2009). These same scholars often look to China as a successful example of integrative medicine. China has accomplished this feat by requiring medical students to complete coursework in Western and traditional medicine (Patwardhan 2009). This dualistic approach means that doctors can provide patients with a combination of treatments. A similar situation is arising in India at the Banaras Hindu University where students integrate modern medicine with Ayurveda and Yoga (Patwardhan 2009). However, integration is sometimes difficult because implementation and methodologies have to be developed and agreed upon. Further, many risks are involved with integration, including the potential to lose identity; conversely, there is the possibility of Ayurveda being overtaken by modern medicine. To be successful in the integrative endeavor, Ayurveda must â€Å"recognize, respect and maintain the respective identities, philosophies, foundations, methodologies, and strengths of all systems† (Patwardhan 2009). Research Approach Form of Knowledge Chronic disease in the United States (U. S. ) is now more of a challenge. The number of Americans suffering from chronic disease has increased rapidly in the past two plus decades, and today 51 percent of the U.S. population is struggling from conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke. Chronic disease in the U. S. is so prevalent that it is largely accepted as a part of everyday life. Unfortunately, conventional Western medicine is largely focused on treating the symptoms of chronic disease and prevention often goes ignored. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and, arthritis are among the most â€Å"common, costly and preventable of all health problems in the U. S. Yet, they account for â€Å"7 out of 10 deaths or 51% of deaths† annually, according to a 2008 report of 2005 mortality data. The Problem. With the traditional Western model of healthcare in America being as financially lucrative as it has been historically (i. e. , reactive disease processes, hospitalizations, pharmaceuticals, insurance plans) one can only imagine that there is not much of a desire by these money making industries to move toward a model of preventative medicine. It is also less likely that these industries would consider Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). The proposed research study aims to explore the ancient art of traditional Eastern Indian Ayurvedic medicine, its validity as a scientifically proven means of symptom prevention, daily healthcare regimen, disease curative and whether or not this form of CAM has a current presence in the U. S. or any potential future in our existing healthcare system. Research questions. The research will address the following questions: 1. What is the Ayurvedic philosophy of health, healing and medicine? 2. What does Ayurveda in North American U. S. culture consist of? Who are the practitioners? Who are the patients? 3. What does current research say about the outcomes of chronic diseases treated with Ayurvedic methods? 4. Are Ayurvedic treatments currently being paid for by U. S. insurance plans, if not, why not? 5. What are the trends with regard to CAM treatments in the American healthcare model? Target Audience The audience for this research and those that will benefit from its findings would be the United States population as a whole. Not only will the current and potential patients of the ancient practice benefit by a growing and increased awareness and hopeful change in insurance policy if needed but, current practitioners and those considering the study and certification of Ayurvedic medicine should be relieved and assured of their futures as proven through reports of clinical outcomes and accepted methods of Ayurvedic delivery in Western culture. Controlling Factors Since Ayurveda is a somewhat recent discovery in The United States , the expanse of its historical data originates from India. The majority of its practitioners and patients are native Eastern Indians and the information found within academic reports can mostly be traced back to organizations hailing from India. Since a determination about the effectiveness and utilization in The United States is the goal of the research, the information may be difficult to locate. The healthcare publications and journals that will report Ayurvedic outcomes will likely be written by Indian physicians based upon Indian lifestyles and dynamics of health within the country of India. I would assume without further research and investigation, that there will be some conflicting if not incomplete and/or possibly biased information being reported. Data Collection Methods A dual approach of qualitative and quantitative research review will be done. I will use the world wide web and other library resources to locate industry white papers and respected journal articles that show specific recordable and scientific data about Ayurvedic deliveries and outcomes, statistics on use and trends, specific to the United States. Since the Boulder, Colorado area is a well-known community of those who seek or practice CAM therapies some information can be obtained by agencies willing to share their experiences, knowledge and clinical data. IRB approval will be required to perform any type of survey or case study that will be implemented with these approving agencies.

The Use of Variola major in Bioterrorism Essay -- Biological Terrorism

Variola major: its symptoms and the possibilities of its use in bioterrorism Smallpox is a virus that was pronounced eradicated in 1990 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Prior to its elimination through the coordinated efforts of several international agencies, it was considered one of the most dangerous threats to the prolonged existence of the human race. Its effects, especially those of the hemorrhagic strain, are comparable to those of such agents as the Zaire Ebola virus, Lassa hemorrhagic fever, and Marburg virus. EPIDEMIOLOGY Smallpox (Variola major) spreads through either direct physical contact or prolonged proximity to an infected individual. The disease begins in the lungs, spreading from there to the rest of the body. Men and women are equally susceptible to the disease, as are all ethnicities. Of those who came in contact with the disease, few survived. The mortality rates are these: Discrete ordinary smallpox: 34% Confluent ordinary smallpox: 59% Hemorrhagic smallpox: 94% Smallpox was known to nearly wipe out entire populations, and often decimated communities, cities, and countries. POSSIBLE BIOWARFARE USES FIRST USE The first recorded use of smallpox as a biological weapon was in 1756. Sir Jeffrey Amherst and other members of the British colonial army gave blankets that had previously belonged to smallpox victims to American Indians, causing them and their tribes to contract the disease previously unknown to them. In some areas, more than 50% of the population perished. WORLD WAR II During the second world war, the Axis decided to begin the usage of biological weapons in order to assure that the war went in their favor. This task was assigned to Japanese Military Unit 731, which recruited numer... ...(2005) Biological weapons defense: infectious diseases and counterbioterrorism. New York: Humana. Smallpox. (2006, July 30.) Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Smallpox Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006) What you should know about a smallpox outbreak. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ smallpox/basics/outbreak.asp United States Department for Health and Human Services. (2006) Smallpox: About the disease. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.hhs.gov/smallpox/About Disease.html World Health Organization. (2006) Smallpox. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/ World Health Organization. (2006) Report from the Secretariat: Smallpox eradication - destruction of smallpox virus stocks. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB117/B117_33-en.pdf

Food and Beverage Management Essay

The food and beverage department plays a pivotal role in a star hotel. Such a hotel can hardly be convinced of without food and beverage section. Star hotels worldwide have costly and gorgeous bars which earns them significant amount of revenue. To extend the beverage provision of the hotel, there should be a strategy to procure and sell quality beverage at competitive price and serve the guests to their satisfaction in an ambient environment. For achieving the goal one should having a fair knowledge of different licensing regulations to achieve a great sale of different kinds of beverages and customer satisfaction. a) â€Å"The licensing framework and its implications on the hotel†. * Local licensing framework: There were various licensing laws in the UK governing sale of liquor in the past. The ‘licensing Act 2003’ came into existence on 10 July, 2003, which â€Å"provides for a unified system of regulation of the activity of sale and supply of alcohols†. * Some aspects of the licensing Act 2003 are explained below: i) Licensable activities and qualifying club activities. a) â€Å"These activities are the sale by retail of alcohol, b) The supply of alcohol by or on behalf of a club to, or to the order of, a member of the club, c) The provision of regulated entertainment, and d) The provision of late night entertainment†. ii) Licensing authorities: The Licensing Act 2003 mentions the bodies which consist of licensing authorities. Each licensing authority, with the exception of those which cover the inner and middle Temples is required to establish a licensing committee of between ten and fifteen members and also describe the objectives which the licensing authorities must promote. These objectives are: * â€Å"Public safety * The prevention of crime and order * The prevention of public nuisance * The protection of children from harm†. iii) Each licensing committee is required to â€Å"determine and a publish a statement of its licensing policy every three years. The licensing authority must consult: * The police, * The local fire authority, * People who represent holders of various categories of licenses, * Representative of local business and residents†. iv) This Act provides for four types of license namely: * Personal license * Club premises certificates * Temporary event notices * Premises license â€Å"A premises license This license authorizes a hotel to carry out licensable activities. It has details of operating conditions which requires the premises to carry out its operation in line with the licensable objectives. It lasts unless it is surrendered or revolved. It may be time if te applicant so requests†. * Some aspects of regulations of premises licenses: An application for a premises license needs to be made in prescribed form: An applicant for a premises license: * Will submit an operating schedule underlining curtain about activities to be carried out in the premises. * If represented against it by the police, the fire authority, the safety agency, or interested parties, the licensing authority will call for a hearing. After considering the hearing, the same authority may reject the application fully or partly or may attach some condition to the license. * Requires an appointment of an ‘authorized person’. * Requires a ‘designated premises supervisor’, a holder of personal license for the place where the premises license operates. * Identifies some categories of person, who, among others , may apply for premises license: * A person who is engaged or proposed to be engaged in a business involved on licensable activities in the premises. * Any individual aged at least 18 wishing to run a business on commercial basis involving the sale or supply of alcohol. * Provide for some mandatory condition which among others are: * Every supply of alcohol must be made by a personal license holder or person by him. * In case a premises license is stolen, lost, damaged or destroyed, the premises license holder may apply for a copy to the license authority. * Unless granted for a limited period on the desire or the applicant, a premises license will last until it is surrendered or revoked. This will lapse if the holder dies, mentally incapable and insolvent, the company is dissolved. A license holder may voluntarily surrender a premises license. * Some other aspects * Unlike the previous regulations, the licensing Act 2003 dose not fix up the days or the opening hours when alcohol may sell by retail for consumption on or off the premises. The licenses themselves decide when to sell and when to close the sale. * Centrally set, fees for license, certificates etc are fixed on the basis of full cost recovery. * The license authorities have the power to suspend or revoke a license. They can also modify operating condition. * The police are empowered to close licensed premises to deal quickly with unruly behavior and excessive noise. * Offences The following activities, among others, constitute offence under the Act. Ignorance of these offences will impede a manager’s function and duties. A few of them are: * Unauthorized licensable activities (section 136). * Exposing alcohol for unauthorized sale (section 137) * Keeping alcohol on premises for unauthorized sale (section 138) * Allowing disorderly conduct on licensed premises etc (section 146) * Sale of alcohol to drunk person . * Obtaining alcohol form a drunk person (142) * To keeping smuggled goods (section 144) * Admitting un accompanied children under 16 to certain premises (section 145) * Selling alcohol by retail on and moving vehicles (section 158) * Furnishing false statement made for the purpose of this Act (section 158) (Part 7 of the licensing Act 2003) * Implication of licensing regulation. In this age of high –tech technology when business operation are conducted within moments though electronic online system, processing of application for a beverage license rather a longer time. Granting such a license by the licensing committee is also equally time consuming. b) â€Å"Developing the drinks and wine list to achieve higher income and customer satisfaction, including non-alcoholic drinks†. * Developing drink Menu /List To extend the beverage provision of the hotel assistant manager has to focus on the sale tools of beverages, a primary requirement contribute to their sale. These tools are: 1. Beverages menus 2. Creating right and cosy ambience and decor in the room 3. Selling of popular and quality drink at competitive price. The common and main tools are the menus, popular and quality beverages themselves. To carry out the program of extending beverages provision the assistant manager must consider the following: * When customer are on the premise at hotel bar or restaurant, they look for: * An attractive and appropriate menu. * Good food and beverages in soothing and ambient environment. * The beverages menus. The beverages menus inform customers what drinks they have available and their cost. By presenting a well planned and nicely prepared menu, an atmosphere is created to target sale of alcohol to the customers and achieve a margin of profit. Therefore, it is very important to plan and present an appropriate menu so as to make the customers touch the menu with a sense of satisfaction that easily leads him to his choice. Using correct language and setting right location of the items in the menu, the management may skillfully entice customers to select their items comfortably. To carry out the strategy there is a need to fix up basic menu criteria that consists of the following factor: * General presentation General presentation of a menu identifies the image of the hotel. The following aspects of a menu are very important which should be: * Attractive * Clean * Easy to read * Complementary * Responsive to current awareness * Well designed * Menu content The content of a menu is very important. The for beverage provision the menu needs to be prepared and presented in the style and with features as discussed below: * Language The language of menu must be I line with the type of operation. If prepared in foreign language, it must be simple and accurate so that customers can easily choose items of their preference. * Accuracy The menu needs conveying the right price of the items and their availability. customers do not like wasting their time. So the menus must be accurate about pricing and availability. * Pricing Attractive and competitive, correct pricing of an item of food or alcohol is key to the extension program. Recasting the present price structure is essential to target sale at comparative price. * Sales mix Sales mix refers to composition of total sales as between main food and beverages. Designing a menu with potential sales mix of items the customers may select is important. If the sales mix is not satisfactory it will be hard to cover the costs of food and which eventually may fail the operation. * Layout of the menu It should neither be too short or too long. The length of the menu should be as such as will adjust itself to the liking and need of the customers, who prefer short and attractive menus. * Types of beverages menus Beverages menus are grouped as * Wine menus * Bar menus * Room service beverage menus * Special promotion beverages menus * Bar menus: These are two types, such as, large display of beverage menu and the small printed menus. The former should be displayed at the back or to the side of the bar while the later be available on the bar or on the table of the bar. * Room service beverage menus Depending on the standard of the hotel and the level of room service offered, these should be quite expensive to entice the customers. * Special promotion beverage menus It is essentially a promotion menu. This relates to advertising sale of a particular beverage either free or at a special price during an event. c) â€Å"The pricing policy for the new drink list†. More presenting attractive and well designed menus may not boost up beverage sale. Significantly important is adapting correct pricing policy. The beverage market is very competitive. Economic recession worldwide has to some extent the situation. The number of pubs has gone down but investment in the development of new premises has increased. Pubs, clubs and bars sector is largest employer in the world. The sector is very competitive. Considering the realities, the assistant manager therefore lays emphasis on the following aspects regarding pricing. * Pricing The price should include the operation cost, setting up cost, the cost of electricity, gas, washing, cleaning, the fixed cost such as staff cost, rates, loan payment, mortgages and VAT. The pricing should be based on the target market of the operation. Pricing also determines the type of clientele the operation has. A premium price demands not only a high quality drink but also high quality service, furnishing, decor, ambience or entertainment. The product and service, as received by the customers, must match the value of the money they spend, regardless of what the price may be. Pricing policy should attract customers even through by lowering profit. Pricing should be targeted to work a promotional tool. Offering special lunch or dinner with alcoholic drinks and offering wine on discounts to target group of users should be made for larger sale. The hotel management should aim at maximizing the number of customers. They should target the customers, they believes, they will have. The physical design of the premises, the human resources, the products themselves and the styles of service should meet the expectation of the customers. To maximize numbers of customers, gaming, betting, casino lotteries should be installed. Incidence of investment necessary in this regard should be included into beverages pricing. Cost of storage and control of beverage should invariable from a part of price. d) â€Å"Purchasing, storage and control of beverage stock†. * Purchase of beverage stock To sell any beverage profitably largely depends how it is procured, stored and preserved from damage, miss use and theft. Therefore the hotel management should adapt the following policy in relation to beverage purchase. * Purchase The hotel tied up with a brewery company like bass, white bread and brains. Beers may be procured from the parent company and other beverages from nominated suppliers. The drinks should be sometimes procured from nominated suppliers in bulk quality as to achieve significant discount. When beverage can be bought from a parent company at lesser price than supplier’s it should be bought from them. The hotel being a part of national chain, the purchase of all business is conducted by the purchasing department which should independently choose any suppliers it likes by negotiating maximum discount * An item wise strategy for purchases of alcohol is as follows. * Breweries Breweries are national, regional or local microbrewery. The hotel, even if tied to any brewery, should retain its option to source its purchase independently. When non-tied they can buy from any source by negotiating discount. * Cash and carry Specialist supermarket, cash and carry sells in bulk. The hotel may use them in emergency following normal practice: * General wholesaler The hotel may purchase alcohols or wines with competitive price from big wholesalers which buy from overseas and keep stock of beverage in their large warehouses. * Wine wholesaler. Like a general wholesaler, a wine wholesaler is specialized in supplying better quality wine. They can also sell premium spirits like Avery’s of Bristol. They may be used to procure wines for customers having higher socio-economic profile and disposable earning. Wines seller like Matthew Clark may be used as a significant source. * Brokers They specialized in sales usually from a specific region. To sell to both small and big operations. Both of them may use the brokers when needed and convenient. Purchasing from brokers through complex with cost factors, should be used during expediency. * Agency distributor As often cheaper and s they also offer after service they should be another source for beverage purchase. They are large wholesalers, often having licenses to manufacture international brands within UK. * Storage and control of beverage Procuring beverage at competitive price with satisfaction discount is an important skill in revenue earning from alcohol sale. Equally important is how the procured beverage are stored, preserved and their movement is controlled. If beverages are not properly stored, they will deteriorate and also may be stolen. This direct affects investment and revenue earning. As consumed by customers by customers food and beverage should be stored, preserved, maintained in a manner that they remain fit for humans consumption. The following factors in storing and controlling the beverage stock should be taken care of in relation to: * Sprits, liquors and some types of wine which have shelf lives. * Application of food safety Acts to control hazardous substances and beverages. * Cleaning of beers pumps and lines area as supplied through them. * The storage area should be clean as dry damp condition can harm label, cartoons etc. * Lightning should be low (40watts maximum). The beer storage should be 13 to 14 degree Celsius while a wine storage should have a temperature of 13 degrees. A significant variation let us say 3 to 4 degrees either way can effect deterioration. * All storage areas of all kinds of beverage should always be kept clean, tidy and be swept and washed. Empty containers must not be kept in the same place with the new stock as they are likely to accumulated bacteria from open containers. * A financial involvement in the wet stock being big, security aspect of stock should be taken care of. Access to storage record and movement of stock both internally and externally should be controlled, specific and designated. * Beverage beyond expiry dates cannot be sold. So it should be a regular practice to examine † the best before system on line information on stock control, electronic bar management, rapid order system point of sale , application of appropriate technology for control of beverage stores all these are effective control method of beverage stock .

Communication and Your Spouse

Communication and Your Spouse Interpersonal Communication 10/10/2011 Jacey Saucedo After reading â€Å"Can We Talk? Researcher Talks about the role of Communication in Marriages† I realized how much I can relate to it. I am a firm believer in communication and it being a key factor in any successful relationship. I feel as though I can relate to this article when discussing self-disclosure in relationships. I am a very vocal person anyway so in my relationship I am very vocal. I like to express my feelings good or bad. I open up and discuss any and everything with him. He’ll never have to guess or question my feelings for him. Once I got comfortable with him it was very easy to talk about my childhood, what I wanted for my future and anything in between. I agree that self-disclosure is important and is directly related to satisfaction in a relationship. If the person you’re in a relationship with always compliments you or makes your feel loved there is no reason why one wouldn’t be satisfied. If you can talk about any and everything and not just what you’re having for dinner that is clarification that this person is really into me and not just with me to pass the time. I can agree that with gender differences the communication level may change. I’ve experienced a man that was not so vocal and up until this day has yet to open up about everything with me. I found myself taking it personal thinking what is it about me that makes him not want to share these things from his childhood with me. I have had experience with another man that was very vocal he had no problem with communicating his feelings good or bad. He talked openly and candidly about his childhood amongst other things. I believe wholeheartedly in communication in a relationship. I believe if you exhibit self-disclosure in a relationship it will last longer and you will be happier in the relationship. References Can We Talk? Researcher Talks about the Role of Communication in Marriages, NARA SCHOENBERG. Houston Chronicle. Houston, Tex. : Feb 6, 2011. p. 7

Black Inventors and Their Patent Numbers

Black Inventors and Their Patent Numbers There have been many famous African American Inventors who have altered history due to their advancements to fields such as education, science, agriculture, and communication. There are over twenty African American inventors listed below including the unique patent number(s) assigned to their  inventions. William B Abrams #450,550, 4/14/1891Abrams developed the Hame Attachments Part for a draft horses collar. This is  a curved hinge worn on any side of the mouth of a horse or other working animal, such as a cow or pig, that holds the mouth bit to better help the animal in the field.   Elijah Abron #7,037,564, 5/2/2006Abron created substrate sheets with a removable strip that helped to bind papers together. Christopher P. Adams #5,641,658, 6/24/1997Adams put together a method for performing amplification of nucleic acid with two primers bound to a single solid support. This is useful in several ways, for example, for  hybridization assays. James S Adams #1,356,329, 10/19/1920Adams allowed for airplane propelling means.  This created the opportunity for blades to rotate parallel to airflow, in order to lessen a possible drag, if an engine failure were to occur. George Edward Alcorn #4,172,004, 10/23/1979Alcorn developed a method for forming dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias.#4,201,800, 5/6/1980Alcorn also created a hardened photoresist master image mask process.#4,289,834, 9/15/1981Alcorn is responsible for developing a dense dry etched multi-level metallurgy with non-overlapped vias.#4,472,728, 9/18/1984In this patent, Alcorn created an imaging X-ray spectrometer.#4,543,442, 9/24/1985Alcorn developed the GaAs Schottky barrier photo-responsive device and method of fabrication.#4,618,380, 10/21/1986Another patent by Alcorn included the method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer. Nathaniel Alexander #997,108, 7/4/1911Nathaniel Alexander created the first folding chair for use in churches, school, and group gatherings. Ralph W Alexander #256,610, 4/18/1882This method of planting allowed each hill of two, three or four seeds to be the same distance. This cultivated rows in various directions and also kept a field weedless. Winser Edward Alexander #3,541,333, 11/17/1970Alexander developed a system for enhancing fine detail in thermal photographs; his research furthered expertise in the area of digital signal processing. Charles William Allen #613,436, 11/1/1898Allen created the self-leveling table. This allows for table stabilization and prevents wobbling. Floyd Allen #3,919,642, 11/11/1975Allen provided a low-cost telemeter for monitoring a battery and DC voltage converter power supply. James B. Allen #551,105, 12/10/1895Allen developed a clothes-line support. Modern-Day clothesline support is often adjustable and keeps lines secure to prevent sagging and dipping. James Matthew Allen #2,085,624, 6/29/1937Allen put together a remote control apparatus designed for radio receiving sets. John H Allen #4,303,938, 12/1/1981Allen created a pattern generator for simulating image generation. John S Allen #1,093,096, 4/14/1914Allen developed a package-tie  to strap and secure packages. Robert T Allen #3,071,243, 1/1/1963Allen is responsible for the vertical coin counting tube patent. Tanya R Allen #5,325,543, 7/5/1994Allen developed the undergarment with a pocket for releasably securing an absorbent pad. Virgie M. Ammons #3,908,633, 9/30/1975Ammons invented the fireplace damper actuating tool. Alexander P Ashbourne #163,962, 6/1/1875Ashbourne put together a process for preparing coconut.#170,460, 11/30/1875Ashbourne also developed a biscuit cutter.#194,287, 8/21/1877Along with preparation, Ashbourne developed a process of treating coconut.#230,518, 7/27/1880Ashbourne is responsible for the refining coconut oil patent. Moses T. Asom #5,386,126, 1/31/1995Asom developed semiconductor devices based on optical transitions between quasibound energy levels. Marc Auguste #7,083,512, 8/1/2006Auguste invented a coin and token organizing, holding and dispensing apparatus.

Free sample - The major healthcare problem in the USA. translation missing

The major healthcare problem in the USA. The major healthcare problem in the USAOver the years, there has been an increase in the number of uninsured people in the US. Most of these people are those that are aged. Two to three centuries back, most of the people that were dying were the young people which meant that there were very few aging people to worry about. However, due to medical, surgical and other advances made in the field of medicine and related fields, the numbers of aging people in the carry has increased tremendously. If many people are uninsured and they live longer, the burden of the services that will be required for these aged people will be very great on the government. The government currently spends a lot of funds in providing these services to the old people.   Due to this, there is a need to develop proper ways to insure most people and take care of the welfare of the old and aging people in the society. I believe the following three ways can be very useful in achieving this. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging prevention The government should invest more on projects that are meant to reduce or completely prevent the aging process. This will make it possible for more people to continue working despite their age and hence an increase in the number of people insured. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disease prevention and self-care The government should develop proper methods to ensure that the citizens are well informed about how to prevent the normal and avoidable diseases. The government should also sensitize people on the importance of self-care. These two will ensure that most people fall ill less often hence reduction in the cost of health services needed. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improve services for aging people The government should also make sure that the healthcare centers have the required facilities and expertise to handle the aging people and the common problems and diseases related to aging. Conclusion If the above solutions are followed and properly implemented, then they will help in the reduction of this big problem in the healthcare sector of the country.

Abortion rights supporting Pro-Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortion rights supporting Pro-Life - Essay Example The opponents of abortion point out that aborting the foetus is equivalent to murder since life starts at conception and foetus can feel pain (Beckwith 45). One would argue that no civilised society that allows intentional harming others and taking human life without punishment. Pro-life arguments assert that abortions are unsafe and lead to medical complications that increase the chances of pelvic inflammatory diseases and miscarriages (Kaczor 76). However, pro-choice arguments assert that pro-life arguments are based on religious beliefs that vary depending on the cultural values of the society and modern medical abortion procedures are safe for the mother (Lee 56). The proponents of abortion assert that abortion is effective in birth and population control since mothers do not have sufficient resources to take care of unwanted children. According anti-pro-life arguments assert abortion is essential in cases of rape since it minimises the psychological trauma and stress that is ass ociated with unwanted pregnancies (Singer 34). This paper will critically discuss the pro-life arguments of abortion and demonstrate why abortion should be banned in the society. Abortion should be abolished since human life is sacred and aborting amounts to killing innocent unborn babies. The unborn baby has same rights as the mother who should be protect the right to life since life begins at conception (Lee 88). In this case, no civilised society allows for murder or intentional harm without any punishment and abortion should be treated the same. Abortion should not be used as a contraceptive or population control method since there are millions of childless couples willing to adopt unwanted children in the society (Beckwith 87). Reinman asserts that abortion is associated with severe medical complications that endanger the life of the mother (p 56). According to available medical statistics and expert opinions, women who abort have a higher likelihood of developing pelvic inflam matory disease and may experience miscarriages in the future (Beckwith 121). In this case, about 15 percent of the first-trimester miscarriages are related to prior abortion experiences. It is evident that abortion endangers the health of the mother by increasing the risks of reproductive diseases, cancer, ectopic pregnancies and infertility thus women should not undertake a process that can permanently damage their body. Physicians and gynecologists have a professional responsibility of safeguarding the dignity of life in their practice and observing the ethical guidelines that prohibit abortions and inducing the patient to undertake medical procedures that may lead to death. In this case, doctors must be on the forefront in discouraging abortions and encouraging other scientifically accepted and safe birth control methods. Abortion only provides an opportunity for medical personnel to make money as most of the abortion cases are not documented in the health facilities. In this cas e, abortion is not helpful the affected women and taxpayers’ money should not be wasted in setting up abortion clinics in the health facilities. Abortion eliminates the potential future societal contributions of the unborn baby thus reducing the economic, social and political benefits to the society (Kaczor 63). The society would be worse if national heroes such as scientists, presidents, entrepreneurs and other people who have made great changes to their communities and entire country were aborted (Lee 98). In this case, abortion must be abolished since the society has the duty to grant the unborn babies a chance to serve the community and make a difference on the

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Macroeconomics - Essay Example hen the economy falls into recession or deflation, Fed normally cuts the interest rates and takes suitable policies to maintain the low interest rates. The intention is to give incentive to people and businesses to borrow and spend more and thus to sustain the economy. But when the economy shows the signs of inflation and fast economic growth, Fed will raise the interest rates and keep high interest rates. This will cause the borrowing become costlier and lead to slow spending and economic growth. Here the situation needs special attention of policy makers as the economy shows the signs of deflation in some districts and inflationary trends in other districts. The states of New York and San Francisco districts shows the trends of price deflation while all other districts believe that inflation may be at hand. The groups of policy makers as well as media who fear the future outbreak of inflation believe that the Fed’s decision to keep interest rates near zero and pump the economy with credits will lead to the spread of inflation in the near future. But among the policy makers of Fed, a substantial wing believes that the already low rate of inflation will again be slow due to the unsolved real estate problems in majority of the districts. It can be pointed out that dwindling rate of inflation is an evidence of the excess capacity and need to sustain the economy with lower interest rates. The inflation is always danger, but deflation is more danger. Hence, Fed’s decision whether to keep the lower interest rate so as to widen the spending or to increase the interest rate in order to tighten the economy, is a crucial question at this stage. Though there are some trends of inflation Fed will decide to keep the lower interest and loosen the monetary policy. Hence in this present situation it is better to keep the lower interest rate and raise the short-term interest rate whenever the situation arises. At present inflation cannot be seen as an immediate